Defense in Depth, Medieval Style
This article on the walls of Constantinople is fascinating. The system comprised four defensive lines arranged in formidable layers: The brick-lined ditch, divided by bulkheads and often flooded, 15-20 meters wide and up to 7 meters deep. A low breastwork, about 2 meters high, enabling defenders to fire freely from behind. The outer wall, 8 meters tall and 2.8 meters thick, with 82 projecting towers. The main wall—a towering 12 meters high and 5 meters thick—with 96 massive towers offset from those of the outer wall for maximum coverage. Behind the walls lay broad terraces: the parateichion, 18 meters wide, [...]